Native Americans

"From the earliest days of contact with the native peoples of North America, European artists made images illustrating their customs, dress and living spaces. Some of the drawings showed the natives as curious specimens from another world, with peculiar habits and clothing. Others emphasized their skill at hunting or their ferocity as warriors. While some images accompanied sensationalist accounts of Indian raids on white settlers, others attempted to expose cruelties that whites had inflicted on native peoples.

This selection of illustrations from books, maps and serials shows some of the variety of approaches that European and European-American artists took in depicting the Indians of North America, from the 16th to the 19th century."

[Illustrations of American Indians collection at Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts Library, Yale University]

Indigenous weaponry

IN: 'Histoire de la Virginie...' by Robert Beverley, 1707.

"In the original edition [1705, in English] Beverley combined shrewd insights into the Virginia of his day, sharp comments about the colony's leaders, and vivid descriptions of the natural world, all written with an engaging enthusiasm for his native land.

Though a section on Virginia's early history is cursory, the book as a whole remains important. Beverley drew on John Smith's 'General History of Virginia' but sketched the colony's development to 1704, incorporating valuable observations of his own.

The author's descriptive powers are best revealed in the section on the culture of Native Americans in Virginia. This sympathetic account presents the Native Americans 'in their simple state of nature, and in their enjoyment of plenty, without the curse of labour', an existence which Beverley himself appeared to envy."

Engraving of a heavily tattooed North American Indian wearing a loincloth

IN: 'Historiae Canadensis, seu Novae-Franciae Libri decem, ad annum usque Christi MDCLVI' by Francois du Creux', 1664.
(New France ~~ Canada; Jesuit report)

Du Creux never visited Canada himself and the illustrations in the book are said to have been based on drawings from the mysterious Codex Canadensis :: previously.




America.
T'is I, in tempting divers, for to try
By ſundry meanes, t'obtaine me, cauſ'de them dye
And, last diſcover'd, undiſcover'd am:
For, men, to treade my ſoyle, as yet, are lame

IN: 'America painted to the life. The true history of the Spaniards proceedings in the conquests of the Indians, and of their civil wars among themselves, from Columbus his first discovery, to these later times. As also, of the original undertakings of the advancement of plantations into those parts; with a perfect relation of our English discoveries, shewing their beginning, progress and continuance, from the year 1628. to 1658. Declaring the forms of their government, policies, religions, maners [!], customs, military discipline, wars with the Indians, the commodities of their countries, a description of their towns and havens, the increase of their trading, with the names of their governors and magistrates. More especially, an absolute narrative of the north parts of America, and of the discoveries and plantations of our English in Virginia, New-England, and Berbadoes' by Ferdinando Gorges, 1658-59.

Sioux Queen

IN: 'The Travels of Capts. Lewis & Clarke, by order of the government of the United States, performed in the years 1804, 1805, & 1806, being upwards of three thousand miles, from St. Louis, by way of the Missouri, and Columbia rivers, to the Pacifick Ocean: containing an account of the Indian tribes, who inhabit the western part of the continent unexplored, and unknown before. With copious delineations of the manners, customs, religion, &c. of the Indians..' - published in 1809 by Lester Hubbard.

Mico Chlucco the Long Warrior, or King of the Siminoles

Frontispiece from 'Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges or Creek confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws. Containing an account of the soil and natural productions of those regions; together with observations on the manners of the Indians' by William Bartram, 1792.

This illustration was re-purposed in 1809 as a Sioux warrior in 'The Travels of Capts. Lewis & Clarke' [see above]; pub. by H Lester.

Tomo Chachi Mico oder Koenig von Yamacran, und Tooanahowi
Seines Bruders des Mico oder Koeniges von Etichitas Sohn

[The frontispiece represents "Tomo Chachi Mico," King of Yamacran,
and his brother's, the King of Etichitas' son, "Tooandhowi."]

IN: 'Der ausführlichen nachrichten von der königlich-gross-britannischen colonie saltzburgischer emigranten in America erster [bis dritter] theil...' by Samuel Urlsperger, 1735. [~News of the Salzburg emigrants to the British colony in America]

Tomochachi assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe in establishing the British colony in Georgia. In 1734, he accompanied General Oglethorpe on a trip to London where his portrait was painted by Willem Verelst.

Cunne Shote, the Indian chief, a Great Warrior of the Cherokee Nation

This mezzotint engraving was done by James McArdell in ~1762 after a painting by Francis Parsons.

Cunne Shote, was one of three Cherokee chiefs who travelled to London in 1762 to see King George III.

Muteczuma Rex ultimus Mexicanorum
[Montezuma II, Emperor of Mexico, ~1480-1520]

IN: 'America: being the latest, and most accurate description of the New world; containing the original of the inhabitants, and the remarkable voyages thither. The conquest of the vast empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large provinces and territories, with the several European plantations in those parts. Also their cities, fortresses, towns, temples, mountains, and rivers. Their habits, customs, manners, and religions. Their plants, beasts, birds, and serpents. With an appendix, containing, besides several other considerable additions, a brief survey of what hath been discover’d of the unknown south-land and the Arctick region. Collected from most authentick authors..' by John Ogilby, 1671.

"Apparently based in part on Arnoldus Montanus's 'De Nieuwe en onbekende weereld: of beschryving van America en't zuid-land', which was granted copyright privileges in July, 1670, and published in Amsterdam in 1671. Sabin, who records an edition of Ogilby as bearing date of 1670, says: "This English translation is, like Dapper's 'an impudent plagiarism' from Montanus, plates included." "

A young woman of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii)

IN: 'A voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Atlas of plates' (Captain Cook's 3rd voyage), 1784.

Portrait of an Esquimaux

IN: 'Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America : from Canada to Vancouver’s Island and Oregon, through the Hudson’s Bay company’s territory and back again' by Paul Kane and Vincent Brooks, 1859.

Portrait of Man-Ce-Muckt

Chromolithograph from: 'Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America : from Canada to Vancouver’s Island and Oregon, through the Hudson’s Bay company’s territory and back again' by Paul Kane, 1859.

Pehriska Ruppa in the costume of the Dog-band.

Illustrated by Karl Bodmer, the plate appears in 'Reise in das innere Nord-America' [Travels in the interior of North America] by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 1840. [previously]

Mandeh Pahchu, a Mandan Indian

Illustrated by Karl Bodmer, the plate appears in 'Reise in das innere Nord-America' [Travels in the interior of North America] by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 1840.

Massica & Wakusasse, a Saukie and a Fox Indian

Illustrated by Karl Bodmer, the plate appears in 'Reise in das innere Nord-America' [Travels in the interior of North America] by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, 1840.

Coiffures du danse des habitans de la Californie
[~customary Californian head wear for dancing]

IN: 'Voyage pittoresque autour du monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d’Amerique, d’Asie, d’Afrique...' by Louis Choris, 1822. (previously)

A Kioway* Indian on a mule, in his war-dress

In a publication by the Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers: 'Message from the president of the United States : in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, communicating a report of an expedition led by Lieutenant Abert, on the upper Arkansas and through the country of the Camanche Indians, in the fall of the year 1845'.

"Twenty-four years old and three years out of West Point, James W. Abert was assigned to John C. Frémont's third expedition in May, 1845. By September, Frémont had gained sufficient confidence in the young lieutenant to place him in charge of a difficult reconnaissance through potentially hostile Indian country.

Abert's official report exudes the youthful enthusiasm he brought to the task. It was illustrated with lithographs based on sketches he made in the field, but Abert enhanced his personal copy, shown here, with finished watercolors of many of the Native Americans he encountered. Among the earliest images of Southern Plains Indians known to exist, the watercolors heighten the drama of Abert's foray into uncharted country."

Isse-wo-ne-am-in and No-tah-is-tah-hah,
Cheyenne women, as they appeared in the Scalp-Dance

Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers: 'Message from the president of the United States...', 1845.


[Some of the images have been cropped from the full page and slightly background cleaned. Click through to greatly enlarged versions (in some cases) - Beinecke provides fabulous .sid files {'zoom'} for many of the images which convert from modest downloads to enormous jpegs]



Illustrations of American Indians: "Just under 300 engravings, watercolors, and illustrations drawn from books, archival collections, and artwork from the Beinecke Library's Western Americana and General collections".

Via the Beinecke Library blog || previously: America / ethnology

Iconographia Zoologica

"Iconographia Zoologica is a 19th century collection of zoological prints that was created by bringing together various collections in the library of the Dutch Royal Zoological Society Natura Artis Magistra between 1881 and 1883. [..]

In addition to drawings, Iconographia Zoologica has a particularly large number of prints made using a variety of printing techniques and often hand-coloured. They originate from zoological publications dating back to the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. [..]

Together these prints and drawings constitute a unique paper databank of more than 80,000 illustrations. A selection of approximately 20,000 illustrations of mammals, birds and fish have been included in Memory of the Netherlands."

Golden Eagle

Aquila fulva, now known as the Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos

"This Golden Eagle was drawn and etched from living nature by the Susemihl family. For a long time, stuffed animals served as model for many richly illustrated books on animals. At the time, this was called drawing from living nature. The establishment of zoos in Europe, later in the 19th century, enabled illustrators to also paint livestock. This resulted in illustrations becoming less stiff."

IN: 'Teutsche Ornithologie' 1811, Ed. by M Borckhausen

Portrait of a Pout-er

Is humbly dedicated to the Gentlemen of the Feather Club
by their Obedient Humble servant, M Eaton.
Painted & Engraved by D Wolstoneholme, 1852

Le Grand Duc
(Bubo capensis)

Le Pigeon Carrier Noir

IN: 'L'Acclimatation Illustrée' (breeder's journal, ~1900)

Le zopilote dit roi des vautours

(King-vulture or Sarcoramphus papa)

Gros-bec espagnol

(Spanish sparrow or Fringilla hispaniolensis)

Antillean Crested Hummingbird

(aka: Colibri Hupé or Trochilus cristatus)

Greater or American Rhea
(Rhea americana)

IN: 'Illustrierte Zeitung', 1890s
(a German or Swiss illustrated periodical - full title not given)

Hippopotamus amphibius
(Nijlpaard - Dutch for hippo)

Hippopotamus amphibius

(probably 18th century)

"The Quagga was a plains zebra living in South Africa. The last Quagga was killed by hunters in 1878. This species was then added to the long list of extinct animal species. Fortunately, there was one specimen still alive at Artis zoo [Amsterdam]. After its passing away on 12 August 1883, the Quagga disappeared forever from the Earth’s surface. The above print is now preserved in the zebra enclosure of that time."

Jungle cat* or Felis chaus (1835)

Le Petit Maki Gris

Eastern lesser bamboo or gentle grey lemur
or Hapalemur griseus (Madagascar)

Gibbon - genus Hylobates

Head of a young Indian elephant, Elephas maximus.

"This pen drawing of a young elephant from William V’s menagerie was done [in ink over pencil in 1774] by J. Camper, son of Petrus Camper (1722-1789). The Artis Library has three drawings by Petrus Camper of the elephants Hans and Parkie. During the French occupation these two elephants were transported to Paris in specially made vehicles as war loot and were exhibited in the Jardin des Plantes. Little is known about the elephant depicted here; but the drawing was certainly done before Hans and Parkie arrived in the Netherlands."

Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine*
(Atherura macroura)

Le Bardeau

Regal or Royal Angelfish*
(now classified as: Pygoplites diacanthus)

Koran or Semicircle Angelfish

(Pomacanthus semicirculatus)

Sole*

(now classified as: Synaptura orientalis)

Cicada from the genus Ficicina (just one of 100+ cicada genera)

Goliath bird-eating tarantula*

(now classified as: Theraphosa blondi*)

The dog-toothed cat snake* (Boiga cynodon)

Black snake (Anguis niger)

(alternative - original - version by Catesby)

Bosk's Fringe-toed Lizard (Acanthodactylus boskianus)
(Egypt and Saudi Arabia)

{All images have been variously spot-cleaned in the background; click through on any for an enlarged version. Many of the species names and notes above were deduced from the original - outdated - classifications}


Iconographia Zoologica: A Paper Animal Kingdom is available through the Memory of the Netherlands.

As with all their wonderful sprawling collections sites, there are a number of ways to sample and browse through the material. This is one of those sites fit to while away a rainy afternoon. It is worth taking the time and clicking around.

via / twitter / delicious

The Book of Knighthood

Miniatures cropped from the ~1460 manuscript containing Christine Pizan's 'Épître d'Othéa' (Epistle to Hector; sometimes known as the Book of Knighthood) - Cologny, Fondation Martin Bodmer, Cod. Bodmer 49, courtesy of the Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland [link].

































































Christine de Pizan (Pisan) (c.1363-1430) was raised among the nobility of Paris and pursued intensive studies in literature, history, languages and the sciences.

Towards the end of the 14th century, Pizan took up writing to support her three children, following the death of her husband. She is widely credited with being both the first professional female writer, and first feminist to advocate for her sex, in all of Europe.

Her writing career might be considered to have had two phases: poetry, then prose; and she achieved great renown during her lifetime. Between 1393 and 1412, Pizan composed more than three hundred ballads, and even more shorter poems. She was similarly prolific in longer form, having written some fifteen books and numerous essays by 1403.

"Her poetic work is notable both for its technical mastery of the accepted forms of her time, and for its innovativeness. Christine excelled in the complex metrical forms of courtly poetry: ballads, lays, and rondeaux. She also went well beyond the conventions of her time by integrating personal, political, moral, religious, and feminist themes within those structures. [..]

[Pizan] combined extensive historical knowledge with a deep concern for the political and social issues of her day [and she] expanded and developed many of the themes first introduced in her poetry. The importance of responsible government and political ethics; women's rights and accomplishments; and religious devotion, appear consistently as themes throughout Christine de Pizan's writing."

Othea's Epistle to Hector (the Book of Knighthood) is a work of moral instruction in both verse and prose. It describes the spiritual and moral education of a young knight, Hector, in the form of an allegorical story.

"'Épître d'Othéa' takes the form of a letter written by Othea (a goddess who symbolizes wisdom and prudence) to the Trojan hero Hector. The letter is divided up into 100 chapters, each consisting of a miniature illustration and a verse text recounting a story from classical mythology, a prose explanation designed to expound the moral significance of the story, and finally a prose allegory expounding its underlying spiritual/Christian interpretation." [source]

The present parchment manuscript of 'Épître d'Othéa' was commissioned by the bibliophile Antoine de Bourgogne in 1460 and was written in Middle French, with the full complement of exquisite miniatures. Gold highlights can be seen in (at least) the opening full page decorations: the first image up above.

Incidentally, Pizan retired to a convent for the last twelve or so years of her life emerging only once - in the writing sense - when she circulated a poem in 1429 in support of Joan of Arc (d. 1431).

• 'Épître d'Othéa' [Cod. Bodmer 49 Pizan] {Cologny, Fondation Martin Bodmer} is available online through e-codices, the Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland. [http://www.fondationbodmer.org/]
  
• An alternative contemporary set of Othea Epistle miniatures is available from Meermanno Museum in The Hague : these include descriptions of each in English (that I was too lazy to marry up with the example miniatures seen above).
• Christine de Pisan at The Middle Ages.
• Christine de Pizan: Wikipedia, New Advent, CSU Pomona, UPenn.
• Tangential: Christine de Pizan The Making of the Queen's Manuscript at Edinburgh University Library.
• 'The Epistle Of Othea To Hector: Or The Book Of Knighthood' (1904).